Analysis of Student Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2183 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Abstract: This study aims to determine students anxiety level in learning at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 3 Kabupaten Tebo. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with the subject of research of class VIII students consisting of 2 classes. Data obtained through observation, documentation, interview and questionnaire on students covering physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of Student Anxiety" essay for you Create order The results showed that students anxiety level in class VIII A was 50% (medium category) on physical aspect, 58% (medium category) on cognitive aspect and 56% (moderate category) on emotional aspect. In class VIII B data students anxiety level acquired 55% (medium category) on physical aspect, 56% (medium category) on cognitive aspect and 61% (high category) on emotional aspect. Based on these results it can be concluded that the students anxiety level in learning at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 3 Kabupaten Tebo is in medium category. INTRODUCTION At Junior High School level/MTs, Biology, Chemistry and Physics are studied integratedly on Natural Science subjects. Depdiknas (2011) in Putri (2013) showed that integrated science learning is an approach to science teaching that connects or integrates various fields of IPA study into a single unit. Integrated science learning should also include the dimensions of attitudes, processes, products, applications, and creativity in the learning environment and students are expected to have holistic science knowledge to deal with daily life issues contextually through integrated science learning. The breadth of the scope of the Integrated IPA learning that must be mastered by the students requires readiness in the implementation of the learning process because students readiness in receiving the lessons will ultimately affects the learning outcomes. Soejanto (1991) in Dessy Mulyani (2013, p. 27-28) showed that students readiness is very important to achieve success in learning activities. The success of students doing readiness before following the lesson can determine the success of students in learning, so that it will affect students achievement. If the student is not ready to accept the lesson, it will affect the students psychic condition. For example, the student feels nerveous when the teacher asks him/her to stand in front of the class. According to MOH RI (1990) in Ika (2014, p. 126) anxiety is a tension, insecurity and anxiety arising from perceived unpleasantness. anxiety can also be interpreted as someones excessive concern for the future and his past as well as his abilities (Cowden, 2010). In each student, the symptoms of anxiety that appear are different. Usually it is seen from the physical conditions that ultimately affect the ability of these students in learning. Robert Priest in Namora (2009, p. 15-16) reveals that in times of anxiety the body reacts to physical reactions including the throbbing symptoms; trembling; tension; anxious and restless. Related to learning, there are two kinds of anxiety, survival anxiety and learning anxiety. Learning anxiety can arise because of fear of trying new things that are feared to be too difficult to do, besides that fear will make us look stupid in the effort. Learning anxiety is also influenced by concerns to get out of the comfort zone that has been lived. However , learning anxiety will always be there but if students accept and understand their need to learn, then this can be overcome (Coutu, 2012). Bolliger Halupa (2012) found that there was a real relationship between anxiety and satisfaction in learning. It can be stated that students who have low or moderate levels of anxiety have a high level of satisfaction and the other hand. The results of observation which is conducted at MTs N 3 of Tebo District on February 13th, 2017 showed that there are some symptoms such as sound and shaking legs, cold sweats, disturbed concentration, and nervousness. All of these symptoms occur when the student is asked by the teacher or asked to speak in front of the class, this is done by the teacher to keep the students focus during the learning but not all students match with the method of learning like this. Based on the results of the study, shows that anxiety affects academic achievement (Harris Coy, 2003; McCraty, 2003 in Yaman (2014, p. 1118), mathematical connection ability (Ika, 2014), attitudes and retention (Elliot Smith, 2003; Gaudry Spielberger, 1971; Levitt, 1966; Miller et al, 2001 in Hullinger Hogan, 2014, page 32). In addition anxiety can be affected by increase of grade level, mother and father education level and decrease on academic achievement scores for science lesson (Karakaya et al, 2016, page 29). If this anxiety is not delt immediately, it can lead to other disorders such as panic and stress, but if it can be controlled, the students will gain optimal learning achievement. Based on the problems above, it is necessary to analyze the Anxiety level in integrated science learning process. RESEARCH METHOD This is a qualitative descriptive research. The subject of students of class VIII MTs Negeri 3 Tebo Regency. The total number of the subject was 40 whih were divided into two classes namely class VIII A and class VIII B. The data were obtained through anxiety questionnaire which consisted of 20 statements which were analyzed by using Likert Scale, 5 answer choices consisting of Very Frequently (SS), Frequently (S), Rarely (J), Ocassionaly (KK), Never (TP). The average score of student anxiety level was then categorized by percentage as seen in table 1 below: Table 1: Category of Anxiety Questionnaire Score Percentage (%) Category 81 100 Very high 61 80 High 41 60 Average 21 40 Low 0 20 Very low Source: Ridwan (2011: 89) In addition, the data were also obtained from the interview and observation on the implementation of learning in the classroom. Symptoms of students anxiety that were studied included the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. Results and Discussion After tested the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was obtained the result that there were 20 statements declared valid and reliable to use. The results of the questionnaire showed that there were three aspects which have anxiety ranges between 50-60% with the details in table 2 below: Table 2: Total Average Score of Anxiety Questionnaire Aspects VIII A VIII B Physical 50 % 55 % Cognitive 58 % 56 % Emotional   56 % 61 % Table 2 above shows fluctuations in the percentage of anxiety levels on the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. The students anxiety level was categorized Medium category. The emotional anxiety aspect in class VIII B is at High category. Basically the relationship of anxiety level of students in the learning process is very important because if students are too anxious in the process of learning, the learning process cannot runs efficiently. Some of the students which were interviewed said they felt anxious when they are asked to come to the front of the class. The anxiety makes the body tremble and the heart beat fast resulting in shame, nervousness, fear and tension. This is in line with the teachers statement. Furthermore, the teachers stated that the things that cause the anxiety that were experienced by the students are they are not ready to receive the lesson, many students who play games when the teacher convey the material and they do not listen to the material explanation conveyed by the teacher. The teacher also stated that the students attitude can be solved by themselves because the anxiety they feel comes from themselves. What the students expressed was supported by the observations in the learning process. It seemed that the students were lack of attention in the learning process. It is indicated by some students who were chatting and playing games in the classroom, bored; saturated and drowsy. It is assumed that the problem caused by the lack of method and media used by the teacher, therefore, the students were lack of attention and not interested in the lesson. Basically, the teachers play an important role in creating an active and fun learning atmosphere. Fisher (1988) in Novita and Anita (2006) states that classroom teachers can help to reduce students anxiety by creating an interesting classroom atmosphere, such as using humor, games and activities with a high level of relaxation. Students anxiety can also be reduced by providing students with a sense of security, a relaxed but organized atmosphere, as well as a well-organized curriculum and schedule. Competitive class situations should also no t be implemented. Basically, teachers are expected to apply a method of learning that can reduce students anxiety levels. As a result, the students behavior and achievement can be better. When the environment in which the student is in support (both at home and at school) they can get success and good academic experience (Cowden, 2010). Grainger in Sri (2010, p. 13-14) suggests that individuals make decisions about their anxiety based on two factors namely internal factors and external factors. The internal factors are related to everything that comes from the inside of the student that supports learning, such as intelligence, talent, motor skills of the senses, and thinking scheme. External factors are everything that comes from outside of the students that condition them in learning. For example, experience, social environment, teaching-learning methods, learning strategies, learning facilities. Basically, every individual is always trying to overcome anxiety by making adjustments to the causes of anxiety arise. This anxious reaction describes the subjective feelings that arise in the form of uncomfortable tension. Based on that, Burhnham in Sri (2010: p.13-14) who said that the source of anxiety would be more easily explored by examining three basic causes: 1) confidence that may be threatened by doubt about outward appearance and ability 2) our personal well-being may be threatened by uncertainty about the future, doubts in decision making and material concerns, 3) our well-being may be threatened by unsolved conflicts. People with anxiety disorders generally often struggle with anxiety that is difficult to control. Their attempts to control fear usually fail and they suffer from a number of symptoms, both physical and psychological affecting social aspects, occupations and life functions in general. They are very easy helpless and often feel depressed and difficult to focus, sometimes they feel so great tension so that they can not to think. When this disorder arises in children, the anxiety and fear they feel is usually associated with school performance or athletic activity. They constantly feel worried, if they cannot do schoolwork, even they are worried about the situation when they are not evaluated. Most cases occur when the individual is at a young age. Basically anxiety in low and moderate levels have a positive effect on student learning performance, one of which can increase learning motivation (Supri et al, 2013, p. 287), but it will contribute to learner if his/her target is significant. Because of this, families, school administrators and teachers should not be in ideas and expectations that will increase learning anxiety on learner (Karakaya et al, 2016, page 29). Some things that can be done by teacher to reduce the level of student learning anxiety is problem-based learning, discussing with students the test procedures that can be done by them, sharing knowledge and testing skills. Parents can teach their children the skills that needed to have control over the lesson. With this assistance both teachers and parents play a role in controlling the learning anxiety felt by students (Dobson, 2012: p. 32). Conclusion From the results and data analysis, it can be concluded that the level of anxiety students in the learning process in MTs Negeri 3 Kabupaten Tebo are categorized as moderate level. The factors of anxiety are the unpreparedness of students in receiving lessons and the lack of attention and interest of students in the learning process. References Bolluger, DU Halupa, C. 2012. Student Perception of Satisfaction and Anxiety in an Online Doctoral Program. Distance Education, 33(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2012.667961. Dessy Mulyani, 2013. Hubungan Kesiapan Belajar Siswa Dengan Prestasi Belajar, KONSELOR Jurnal Ilmiah Konseling, Vol.2, No.1, Juni 2006. Dobson, Cassie. 2012. Effect of Academic Anxiety on The Performance of Students With And Without Learning Disabilities and How Students Can Cope With Anxiety at School. Retrieved from: https://www.nmu.edu/education/sites/DrupalEducation/files/UserFiles/Dobson_Cassie_MP.pdf Coutu, Diane, 2002. The Anxiety of Learning. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2002/03/the-anxiety-of-learning. Cowden, Peter, 2010. Communication and Coflict: Anxiety and Learning. Research in Higher Education Journal. Retrieved from: https://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/10517.pdf Hullinger, Megan Hogan, RL, 2014. Study Anxiety: Effect of A New Graduate Student Orientation Program, Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice And Research, 4(2), 27-34. Ika Wahyu Anita, 2014. Pengaruh Kecemasan Matematika (Mathematic Anxiety) Terhadap Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis Siswa SMP, INFINITY, Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Matematika STKIP Siliwangi Bandung, Vol.3, No.1, Februari 2014, 125-132. Karakaya. Ferhat, Avgin. S. S, Kumperli. E, 2016. Analysis of Primary School Students Science Learning Anxiety According to Some Variables, Journal of Education and Practice, 7(33), 24-31. Namora Lubis Lumongga, (2009). Depresi Tinjauan Psikologi. Jakarta : Kencana. Novita Eka Indiyani dan Anita Listiara, 2006. Efektifitas Model Pembelajaran Gotong Royong (Cooperative Learning) Untuk Menurunkan Kecemasan Siswa Dalam Menghadapi Pelajaran Matematika (Studi Eksperimental pada Siswa di SMP 26 Semarang). Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Diponegoro, Vol.3, No. 1, Juni 2006. Putri Anjarsari, 2013. Pengembangan Pembelajaran IPA Terpadu (Implementasi Kurikulum 2013). Makalah disampaikan dalam PPM Workshop Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Sains Terpadu untuk Meningkatkan Kognitif, Keterampilan Proses, Kreativitas, serta Menerapkan Konsep Ilmiah Siswa SMP,7-12 September 2013, Yogyakarta. Sri Supriyantini, 2010. Perbedaan Kecemasan Dalam Menghadapi Ujian Antara Siswa Program Reguler dengan Siswa Program Akselerasi. Medan : Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Sumatra Utara. Supri. Y, Erlamsyah, Zikra, Zadrian. A, 2013. Hubungan Antara Kecemasan Dalam Belajar Dengan Motivasi Belajar Siswa, Konselor: Jurnal Ilmiah Konseling, 2(1), 283-288. Yaman, Havva, 2014. The Relation General Anxiety Levels, Anxiety of Writing and Attitude for Turkish Course of Secondary School Students, Educational Science: Theory Practice, 14(3),1117-1122.

Essay on Innocence Stolen in William Blake’s The Chimney...

Throughout world history their have been and are many occurrences of society corruption and oppression of masses, such as the forcing of small children to sweep chimneys. Thus, William Blake’s Purpose in writing the two â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poems was to express his outrage at society for having oppressed and stolen the innocence of powerless children in forcing them to sweep. Both poems are similar in that he uses the actions and view point of the child speaker to express his rage against society, mostly through his verbal irony. However, the poems distinct in that one shares the view point of an innocent child who hasn’t yet fully experienced the corruption of society , whereas the other one is one of a more experienced child who†¦show more content†¦However, the dream is full of irony in the readers eyes since they can see it has benefited the child in no shape, way or form; it has only made them believe the church will be their savior so they can willingly work for the church. Thus implementing, that society is so corrupt it brainwashes the children to make them believe it is their duty to sweep â€Å"your chimneys,† thus depriving them of individual rights without their consent. The second â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poem although it shares the same setting and fury as Blake’s point of view, the ultimate contrast is the speakers view point; that of a more experienced sweeper who fully understands the cruel reality of his situation. Thus unlike the first poem where the poets viewpoint is implemented, in this one his anger is stated bluntly, which creates a harsh portray of chimney sweeping to the readers. Unlike the first poem where he names the child, here the speaker is only portrayed as a â€Å"black thing among the snow† thus depicting the neglect of society to view these children as actual citizens. Also, the â€Å"among the snow† depicts a symbol of purity, however him being a à ¢â‚¬Å"black thing† shows that his hardships have rid him from hisShow MoreRelatedThe Chimney Sweeper Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Chimney Sweeper by William Blake† In William Blake’s poem, the reader will read about the first person point of view of a child going through a neglected life of child labour and slavery. In the poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, Blake’s use of onomatopoeia conveys the emotions of the character in the poem. William Blake uses symbolism in his poem which gives the reader a better understanding of the message he is trying to convey. As well, Blake’s use of colors and adjectives provides the readerRead MoreBrainless Children Or Heartless Adults?1391 Words   |  6 Pagesheartless adults? Together, William Blake’s â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† poems, as well as William Wordsworth’s â€Å"We Are Seven†, isolate and exemplify this archetype to construct a reality more true than either poem alone, that a child’s mind is the most pure and untarnished form of humanity, indirectly criticizing the modern world for manufacturing cynicism in the adolescent brain and teaching children â€Å"to sing the notes of woe† (Blake 8). William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience dichotomyRead MoreAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKES SONGS2960 Words   |  12 PagesAN ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S SONGS OF INNOCENCE AND OF EXPERIENCE AS A RESPONSE TO THE COLLAPSE OF VALUES TIMOTHY VINESâˆâ€" Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience are a much studied part of the English canon, and for good reason. Blake’s work depicts a quandary that continues to haunt humanity today: the struggle of high-order humanity against the ‘real’ rationality and morals of institutionalised society. This essay seeks to explore both Blake’s literary reaction to the Enlightenment and theRead MoreWilliam Blake And The French Revolution2017 Words   |  9 Pagesand that, although William Blake was universally considered to be a madman in his time, his work as a poet and painter is widely recognised as a revolutionary visionary (Altizer, Pg. 33). It is clear that, had the French Revolution not happened, Blake probably would have been a mere poet and water colourist, with a turn to eccentricity. The French Revolution influenced many people all over the globe, including the radicals in London, to push and demand for immediate change. William Blake, a radical

Slave Based Societies in the Caribbean free essay sample

Slave based societies in the Caribbean Slave based societies in the Caribbean developed according to selections from The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism slowly as a result of the equal participation of both the masters and the slaves. Usually the color of ones skin quickly determined which social group and what your occupation would be with of course the darker you are the lower your status and the lighter the higher. Eventually the Africans and whites started to mix ND so did the color of the children which made them not-so-good field workers.The slaves of mixed race usually were craftier with the domestic, skilled, and artisan trades. The Caribbean tended to be pretty urban throughout. The Caribbean had different social groups called caste systems. The 3 caste that developed were the slaves, the free persons of color, and the white people. These caste systems were not static or unmovable which meant that once you were in a certain caste you were not stuck there. We will write a custom essay sample on Slave Based Societies in the Caribbean or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you were a slave you could very much so become a free person of color. African slaves that were brought to the Caribbean were called bosses. The Creoles were slaves that were born in the Caribbean. Among the slaves there were different criteria ranks that were based upon color, sex, and occupation. There were also different gangs throughout the slave society. The first gang consisted of the strongest of the slaves both men and women aged from bout sixteen to fifty whom all were given the hardest of the assigned labors.The second gang consisted of weak or elderly men and women who could work but not as hard as the first gang. The third of the gangs which is also called a small gang consisted of the boys and girls who had 3 fairly light work given to them. They were usually six to twelve years of age. These gangs were mixed in and were usually more so like the men did all the hard labor while the women worked but mostly stayed and cared for the children.

Pioneer Financial Institutions In Australia-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Pioneer Financial Institutions In Australia? Answer: Introducaation National Australian Bank is one of the pioneer financial institutions in Australia. There are many types of loans that the company offers. For anyone who wants to borrow $8000 for a holiday, they have three main options available- Travel loans with fixed rate of interest- In case of travel loans, the customers have the option to borrow $5000 to $55000, in 1-7 years. There are both fixed and fluctuating rate of interest options. There are several options of repayment. If extra repayment is done, it can be redeemed on the same day. Sanctioning of loan is done on the same day itself. In case the customer borrows $8000 in travel loans, and repays the same in two years, the amount of interest will be in case of fixed rate scheme, where the rate of interest is 14.99%p.a - $1309 and the monthly repayment will be $388. Travel loans are designed keeping in time the travel necessities of the customer. There are options to keep your money safe while travelling, travel with a personal loan or credit card. There are also options available to plan your travel in a better way, with best travel agencies. There is also money saving tips that may be required during travel (Nab.com.au, 2017) Personal loans In case of personal loans the customer has the option of both fixed and variable rate of interests. In case the loan is paid off early, there are no exit fees applicable. There are options for online acceptance of documents. The rate of interest charged in case of fixed rate scheme is 14.99%, the monthly instalment is $1309 and the monthly repayment is $388. In case of the variable scheme the rate of interest is 14.69% per annum, the amount of interest is $1281 and the monthly repayment is $387 for two years (Nab.com.au, 2017). Both the travel loan and the personal loan, are offering the same rate of interest. However, travel loans are specifically designed for travel related activities. Personal rates can be taken for other purposes also, and there is easy exit option in the same (Nab.com.au, 2017). Travel loans with variable rate of interest. In case of travel loans, there are also options of variable rate of interest. Before applying for the loans, it is important that the applicant must be 18 years or old. There must be regular income, must be an Australian citizen and must hold a permanent residency in the country. In order to apply online, the applicant must be an NAB customer. There are options of regular saving scheme in the plan. The details of the customer credit worthiness are also checked before sanctioning the loan. If the details are approved, the loan will be issued in a day only. The variable rate of interest is 14.69%, the total amount of interest that the applicant needs to pay in two years is $1281 and the monthly repayment is $387 for two years. Thus travel loans are more effective because these loans are formed only keeping in mind, the travel related need of the people. These are few options that the customer has in case they want to borrow $8000 for travel related activity. The rate of interest is more or less in all the plans, but we see that in case of travel loans there are more opportunities available thus, the applicant should go for the same. The rate of interest in on the applicant, they can choose what they want (Nab.com.au, 2017). References Nab.com.au. (2017). Personal loans. Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/personal/loans/personal-loans . Nab.com.au. (2017). Travel loans. Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/personal/loans/personal-loans/travel-loans. Nab.com.au. (2017). Loans. Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/personal/loans Nab.com.au. (2017). Travel insurance. Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/personal/insurance/travel-insuranc

Edward Norris Case

The Edward Norris case is very essential for business people given the various crucial lessons it has. To begin with, the case puts forward various strategies that have been used to combat crime in Baltimore. From the case study, it has been proofed that not all the strategies that are implemented by somebody can work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Edward Norris Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the commissioner of Baltimore Police Department (BPD) had been trying to come up with the best ways of addressing the rising criminal activities in the area, crime was on the rise. There had to be a change not only of policies, but also of the people involved in implementation of these policies in order to mitigate criminal activities. On the same note, the case study explicitly outlines the security situation in Baltimore. It should be noted that security is key for every business person. People want their pr operty to be safe. Moreover, nobody can feel safe and confident to work in a place where it is highly likely to be killed by criminals. The case study outlines clearly the security situation of Baltimore and how the police department is tackling the issues. Arguably, investors and even customers tend to shy away from a place that has high crime rates. Notably, the case study provides a very candid picture regarding the state of affairs in Baltimore. The economic ability of the residents is depicted as being poor. This is supported by the facts like high unemployment rates, high poverty rates and the housing problem. This information is quite crucial for business people who depend on it in making decisions on whether to invest in the area or not. The purchasing power of the residents of an area is a crucial determinant when one makes investment decisions. The case study also brings forward the dilemma that Norris faces when he is making a decision on whether to accept the invitation to join Baltimore police department or not. As a matter of fact, Norris not only considers his experience but also other factors including the culture of people at Baltimore as well as his family needs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is crucial to business people since it informs them that every issue must be considered when making any decision. To many people, the culture of BPD might not have been crucial when making a decision regarding the invitation. However, Norris considers every detail so as to make an informed decision. Regarding whether Norris should take up the job or not, there is more to consider. Firstly, Norris has been used to an organized police department where everybody is committed to succeeding in his or her duties. However, at Baltimore police are demoralized and disdainful of their work. People just work because they have no other thing to do hav ing joined the department. Secondly, while at New York where Norris works the police work in collaboration with one another for the success of the department, this is not the case at BPD. At BDP the police work individually and they show open hatred to one another. This is shown when Norris sees a police officer kicking down a reserved parking sign belonging to another police officer. It is also important to note that Norris has been used to working in an environment where they are well paid and where equipment is not a problem. As a result, there are very low crime rates in New York. On the contrary, BDP is severely ill-equipped. They have no surveillance equipment. The vehicles they use are also dilapidated. The crux of the matter is, however, the fact that the police of Baltimore are poorly paid. Nevertheless, Norris has stayed at his current place of work for a very long period of time. During this period, he has helped in reducing crime rates sharply in New York. Therefore, he has a lot of experience that can be very crucial in enhancing security at Baltimore. Moreover, after doing a round trip of Baltimore, Norris is able to outline all the problems facing the BPD which are hindering their success in curbing crime rates. This shows that he has gained a lot of experience in the security department during his 20 year career as a police officer. He is also a person who does not hesitate to share his mind. This is the person that BPD requires for the post.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Edward Norris Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He has also been keen on working with highly educated police officers at New York. Fortunately, BPD has highly trained and educated officers who just need good management to work at their optimum. Norris can easily achieve this. Additionally, Norris has discovered that he can easily advance himself economically in Baltimore than in New York. Due to this reasons, Norris should accept the invitation. He needs a change of environment. If I was the one offered the position, there are many things that I would have changed at BPD. To begin with, police officers are demoralized. It is important to note that demoralized staff cannot in anyway be productive at work. This is the most likely reason why police department is unable to curb the rising rates of crime. Therefore, I will organize for a session to get feedback from all officers on what they do not like about their work. This will enable me to know how to increase their morale of work. Nevertheless, it has been pointed out that the police officers at Baltimore are not ready to embrace change. They are particularly annoyed by the fact that the deputy chief will be coming from outside Baltimore. I will therefore find ways of managing the change process by involving them in the change so as to avoid rubbing shoulders with them. Arguably, one cannot work well without the required equipm ent even when they are ready to work. People in any organization will be discouraged when they realize that their work is made difficult due to lack of necessary equipment. As a result, I will strive to get the necessary equipment to enhance service delivery. This can be achieved by cooperating with the new Mayor who has already shown his willingness to help.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There needs to be a culture of self responsibility among the BPD staff. It has been noted that the police officers at Baltimore will take ages before responding to a distress call by the residents. This not only sends a bad picture to the residents who will in turn refuse cooperating with the police, but also encourages criminals who will know that they can safely commit crimes. By encouraging police officers to take personal responsibility of their duty, I will be able to make them more active in the event of distress calls. This will increase the speed of response to crime scenes and thus help in curbing crime. On the same note, it will send positive messages to residents. Police and residents need to work together since security can be enhanced through combined efforts. This essay on Edward Norris Case was written and submitted by user Carley Russo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Racial Experiment

and people combined. IT is hard and very tricky when it is constantly being switched around. You can easily forget that ... Free Essays on Racial Experiment Free Essays on Racial Experiment I took the racial experiment, and I did not like it at all. I was told to hit the â€Å"e† or â€Å"i† keys if the word was either good or bad, or if it was a white or black face. At first faces popped up and white was on the left (I would hit the â€Å"e† button) side and black was on the right side (I would hit the â€Å"i† button). Then words like love, peace, joy (good words) and envy, jealousy, and other bad words would pop up. A word would pop up and I would either hit â€Å"e† or â€Å"I† depending upon which side good, or bad was on. After assigning each by just faces or just words, it started to get harder. Both faces and words would pop up and each was given their own corner. For example one corner might have been black, and good, and the other white and bad, and depending on what popped up, depended on whether you hit â€Å"e or â€Å"I†. Controlled and automatic processes both play a dominant role in this experiment. Te controlled process is a process in which the individual is completely actively focusing their efforts toward a goal. An automatic process is a state that requires almost no attention and does not interfere with the activity. In this experiment the controlled process was the pictures of the African Americans, or the white faces, and also the bad and good words. The automatic process was the labeled black or bad, or white or good in the corners. Although while your mind is racing which side to click you are thinking about which side is which again. Especially when you mess up then you have to look into the corner to re-remind yourself which corner is which. But all at the same time you are completely focused on the faces or words that u just try to click the one that you react to fastest. My results were completely ridiculous. It came to the conclusion that I was some what bias on bad black words and people combined. IT is hard and very tricky when it is constantly being switched around. You can easily forget that ...

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example An anchor company can supply ships to marine wholesalers, they can supply anchors to marine wholesalers. In addition to this they can also supply steel plates, metal fabrications, plastic injection modeling so on and so forth. Structural steel frames and bases are also included in these services. As far as the case study is concerned, it is known that Albatross only supplies hooks and snags to its clients. Breaking Even: â€Å"Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by production management and management accountants. It is based on categorizing production costs between those which are "variable" (costs that change when the production output changes) and those that are "fixed" (costs not directly related to the volume of production).† (Break-Even) The sales volume required by a business to make profits is called a breakeven point; the following answer will present the breakeven point of Albatross. Breakeven point comes into the picture when a pricing strategy is being d eveloped. This pricing strategy can be a part of either the marketing plan or the business plan. The best option between A and B would be selected giving a just explanation. Fixed Cost per unit= Total fixed cost/ Volume of Production In this case it is x=$500,000/5000 X=$10 (Fixed cost per unit in process A) Case B= $12 Anchor and Process Process A Process B a Fixed Cost per Anchor $10 $12 b Total no of Anchors to Attain Break-Even 50000 Units 62500 Units I would recommend process A because the break-even would require only 50000 units whereas in process B it would require 62500 Units. The sooner the break-even is reached the better. So process A is recommended considering that it would take much lesser time to sell 50000 units than 62500 units. One very important long term change would to invest heavily in latest technology, the second long term change would be to buy more land to effectively manage the needs of the company. One short term change would be to access more shipping op tions; the second option would be to choose the most effective shipping option. The technology that is being used in the company is without a doubt obsolete, they have to invest in new machines. They can never expect growth should they keep using the same obsolete machinery. The company needs to invest in technology; the use of outdated technology can never facilitate growth. New machines will produce better products and at a good speed, this will make the company much better than ever. This will also bring down the cost of production, the old machines require much maintenance, and this would be much different in the case of new machines. Ergonomics: Ergonomics aims at two most important things, they are health and productivity. When an employee is unwell, he will never be able to produce what is expected of him and the organization will suffer because of his lack of productivity. Easy to use machines should be bought by an organization so that the employees never get affected and t heir productivity is never hampered. The organization must not buy anything that will affect the health of the employees. In this particular case Albatross

American Consumers and the growing energy crisisThe Effects on Essay

American Consumers and the growing energy crisisThe Effects on Transportation Industry - Essay Example Tremendous increase in the price of petrol and diesel and other fuel also has had an adverse impact on the transportation industry. This paper discusses the effects of the growing energy crisis on the transportation industry. There are many causes for the increase in the consumption of energy and, as stated earlier, the main reason can be attributed the population explosion. Mass immigration is the driving force behind this unprecedented and environmentally damaging surge in our population ("Alert Archive", 2001, March). Supply of fuel is too less to meet the demands. This increase in demand is in turn due to the increase in the population. The United States of America is the dream land for many people outside America. People become ecstatic if they get an opportunity to live in the USA and settle down there with family and friends. The funny part is that these immigrants do not realize that they would suffer because of themselves! So, this increase in population and in turn the increase in demand and the shortage of supply have led to what we call the energy crisis. This is the obvious reason. The Energy Crisis has two huge effects: Energy will become much more expensive and no longer abundantly available. This is severe: we use energy for almost everything, so this has an effect on all facets of live. First it will give a reach/distance contraction within the economy (less transport and less mobility, due to high energy prices). Second it will (due to the fact that energy is used for everything), make everything more expensive ("The Credit Crisis joins the Energy Crisis: Creating the Perfect Storm", 2008, para.4) This crisis has an impact on various areas like the stock markets, gold and so on. But it is relatively more on the transportation industry. In America, it looks like people would find themselves in a financial constraint to get to their homes from workplaces and vice versa! The issue of transport is now tugging at the sleeves of every person in America mainly due to the increase in cost of fuel. Especially, in a place like America where most of the people rely on public transportation, a bigger impact is felt. Here, the transportation industry includes not just the buses, cars and other vehicles but all other related factors right from the manufacturing of the vehicles, the infrastructure construction and maintenance and other facilities. Every process is affected because of this crisis. The transportation industry will suffer, because the consumption of energy is not restricted to refilling the fuel tank alone. There are many other areas where energy is consumed in various forms for different purposes. Some of them are stated below. Vehicle manufacture, maintenance and disposal. The energy spent for manufacturing and recycling vehicles is a direct function of vehicle complexity, material used, fleet size and vehicle life cycle. (Rodrigue & Comtois, 2006) Vehicle operation. Mainly involves energy used to provide momentum to vehicles, namely as fuels, as well as for intermodal operations. The fuel markets for transportation activities are significant. (Rodrigue & Comtois, 2006) Infrastructure construction and maintenance. The building of roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, terminals, ports and airports and the provision of lighting and signaling equipment

Are Entrepreneurs More Happy than Others Entrepreneurship and Research Proposal

Are Entrepreneurs More Happy than Others Entrepreneurship and Happiness - Research Proposal Example m and they remain inspired despite the fact that they can make less income than people who are employed, additionally, they work more hours, and deal with a lot of stress compared to employed people (Baron and Shane, 2007). Secondly, it is important to focus on this particular topic in order to establish if indeed people who are employed are not as equally as happy as entrepreneurs are and if so, establish the source of the unhappiness despite the fact that they face fewer challenges and they are certain about the future. According to the theory presented by Abrams (2012), happiness is interlinked with motivation and therefore a person who is motivated is equally happy but this argument present a research gap in the sense that motivation are derived from factors such as money or incentives, financial security, and conducive working environment that is stress free. Therefore, factors that create motivation are not equally the factors that create happiness since it is argued that entrepreneurs are usually happy but at times, they make much less than people who are employed. Consequently, it will be critical to identify how happiness is measured or factors that determine the level of happiness. According to Naude (2012), there has been a significant increase in the cases of suicide amongst European entrepreneurs mostly during the recent economic crisis that largely affected the region since there was an erosion of social protection because of the fiscal austerity measures that had been implemented by various governments. Such a case further question how happiness is measured since it is stated that entrepreneurs are naturally happier despite the fact that at times they make less, face more challenges and uncertainties. However, it is noted this case scenario that during crises entrepreneurs become unhappy to the extent of committing suicide while it had earlier been stated that entrepreneurs are not necessarily motivated by money and always prefer challenges posed

Trade Union Increasing Of Their Membership Commerce Essay

Trade Union Increasing Of Their Membership Commerce Essay It is believed that employee relation is a relevant management activity if the organisation deals with trade unions. As Gennard and Judge (2005) explained in their book, trade unions are organised group of employees who consist wholly or mainly of workers of one or more description and whose principal purposes include the regulation of relations between workers and employers. The primary purpose of trade unions is to protect and enhance the living standards of their members. (Gennard and Judge, 2005) To achieve this objective, there are two main methods industrial and political. Industrial methods include the negotiation of agreements with employers and all that belongs to collective bargaining, grievance procedure, industrial action, use of third-party intervention, joint consultation. Political methods cover all types of union participation in the political process, including pressure group activities in relation to the UK government and the EU decision making bodies. Trade unions which traced from the eighteenth century have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political adjectives and activities of trade unions vary, but may include: provision of benefits to members, collective bargaining, industrial action and political activity. Although trade unions bring about lots of benefits to their members, there is a decline in trade union membership. This paper will discuss the question how trade unions can increase their membership. The questions will be answered from four aspects. It will be organise as follow: first it will talk about the partnership, second is the policy specifically to attract younger members, third is organising model, and last is the investment in exploring new information-based technology and communication systems. Also a conclusion will be writing at the last of this paper. Partnership Blair declared partnerships to be an essential part of developing a modern workplace that can produce goods and services of quality. It is part of the answer to the quest for economic success (Brown et al, 2001) Heery (2002) mentioned that social partnership is an imprecise term and in Britain carries a number of meanings and refers to a range of union activities. At European level, it can refer to union involvement in European Social Dialogue and the negotiation of framework agreements. At state level, it can refer to attempts to position the TUC as an authoritative partner in economic and social management. At economy level, it can refer to attempts to revive multi-employer collective bargaining. At company level, it can refer to the negotiation of distinctive partnership agreements between unions and management, which are intended to promote a new and more co-operative set of relations within the firm. Partnership agreements may reflect an exclusive principle of representation; they provide an element of security for union members in relatively good jobs through a policy of deliberate insecurity for others who are less likely to be unionised. Partnership above the level of the company may be oriented towards the broad regulation of the labour market, partnership agreements focus very much on the immediate employment-centred interests of union members. (Heery, 2002) These partnership agreements seek to address interests which have often been neglected by unions in the past. They have common feature like worker entitlement to training and development. Indeed, the Return to Learn partnership concluded by unison with public and voluntary sector employers are confined solely to issue of personal development (Munro and Rainbird, 2000). Partnership agreements seek to cultivate shared interests with employers and take the form of productivity coalition (Windolf, 1989), in which security, d evelopment and involvement ideally are exchanged for worker commitment and flexibility. Partnership brings many benefits such as training and development, and also makes the worker more flexible that employers and employees working under the voluntary rather than law. Partnership is built on principles and practices of shared commitment between the organisation and the people who work there.   Partnership has brought benefits including greater disclosure of information, greater influence, inter-union co-operation and more local decision-making. It provides the opportunity for worker get training and develop their personal skills, increase workers involvement. In a word, there is a big potential of a move towards greater partnership with employers as a way of increasing trade union membership. Attract younger members Throughout Western Europe, trade union membership is declining. The average age of trade unionists is rising, and difference between trade unionists and young workers in perception, culture and identity are widening. If trade unions are tending to reverse the membership decline sustained since 1979, more young workers must be recruited. Sustained membership growth in trade union is facing two major challenges. The first challenge is to adapt their strategies and structures to the rapid growth and diversity of service-sector employment. The second challenge is demographic. Union membership in western industrial nations is ageing and tends to be concentrated in declining or slow-growth sector. As a result, it is vital that unions invent effective ways to recruit the next generation of workers. (Weil, 1994) A review of unionisation among young people in Western European showed that rates of unionisation among young people are lower than among their older counterparts and that the rate of unionisation for young people is declining more steeply than among older workers (Serrano Pascual and Waddington, 2000). It is argued that young workers attitudes towards trade unions are influenced by aspects as follow. First, family networks influence the unionisation of young workers. Young trade unionists were more likely to have parents who were, or had been, trade unionists. Second is the influence of some workplace characteristics and job histories on union membership. Young workers who often change employment rather than accumulate a stock of grievances in a single post are less likely to unionise (Waddington and Kerr, 2002). There are some actions can be introduced by trade unions to stem the sharp decline in unionisation among young people. First, reduce subscription rates for young trade unionists. In order to encourage higher rates of participation in union affairs and to foster contributions from young members on the development of union policy, many unions have set up youth or student sections. Second, launch campaigns on university campuses in an attempt to attract into membership students employed in McJobs, which is low pay, insecurity, unsocial hours and an absence of holiday or sick pay. Third, establish a presence at music festivals and similar events central to the culture of young people, to engage with potential young members. Fourth, establish the Organising Academy to train young people to recruit, amongst others, young workers, with the specific brief to extend union organisation into private-sector services. Organising model The trade union density is described as a product of five forces: macro-economic context, workforce composition, state policy, management strategy, and the recruitment activity of trade unions themselves (Metcalf, 1991). It is also argued that the fall in trade union membership was caused by inadequate investment or deficiencies in union recruitment activity much union recruitment has been unsystematic and reactive (Heery, 2000) (Kelly and Heery, 1994). While there is evidence of UK unions making an increased effort to recruit and organise new members, which has been informed by the organising model since the mid 1990s. (Heery, 2002) The concept of an organising model or organising approach is imprecise and embraces a number of principles and practise (Bronfenbrenner, 1998). Organising model tends to be used in two overlapping senses: First, it can refer to a model of union good practice which contributes to membership growth by re-building or extending organization at workplace level. Second, it represents an attempt to rediscover the social movement origins of labour, essentially by redefining the union as a mobilizing structure which seeks to simulate activism among its members and generate campaigns for workplace and wider social justice (Heery et al, 2000). Organising model includes some practices such as: reliance on targeted and planned organizing campaigns; the use of mapping techniques to research the target workforce and identify those likely to join; reliance on face-on-face recruitment, often in peoples homes and using like-to-like recruiters (Heery et al, 2000). Organising means the empowerment of workers, workers can resolve their own problems without recourse to external representation. The increasing investment by unions in organising leads to a recovery of union membership. Investment in technology and communication systems The union has invested little time or money in exploring new information-based technology and communication systems. The low cost of information, communication, and interaction on the web offers trade unions opportunities to improve services and attract members. The internet is the twenty-first centurys mode of mass communication, the logistic growth curve for internet usage making the internet one of the most rapidly adopted innovations ever. The use of web for workers and union members are very universal. It is believed that if unionists were not making extensive use of the internet, any study of the role of internet in the future of unions would be speculative or at least be limited to its impact. On the contrary, if unionists make wide use of the internet, then it has greater potential for the future of unions broadly. The internet offers unions some areas of opportunity: first, to present the union case various issues to the online population through provision of information; second, to communicate directly with union members or potential members through targeted electronic messages; third, to engage in interactive discourse with members or others by responding to queries and by online discussion forums. The uses of web by union members offer the opportunities for unions to use the new technology to improve their services to members and possibly attract new members, especially those young people. Because of younger union members are more likely to access the internet than older union members. The internet is also an inexpensive medium for communication. E-mails can be sent free to all members of the organization as well as one person to another. It makes union members easier to share information. Overall, by invest in technology and communication system such as internet and E-mail, unions can improve services to members and attract new members. Conclusion In conclude, the purpose of this paper is to discussed the question how trade unions can increase their membership. It answered the question from four sides were partnership, attract young members, organising model, and investment in technology and communication system. By looking at partnership, it is obvious that partnership has brought benefits including greater disclosure of information, greater influence, inter-union co-operation and more local decision-making. It is an effective way to recruit the next generation of workers for increase the membership of trade unions. Organising model had a success inform in unions making an increased effort to recruit and organise new members. It contributes to membership growth by re-building or extending organization. The last method to increase the membership of trade union is to investment in technology and communication system such as internet and e-mail in order to achieve the object of attract new members.

Homo Mensura-Philosophie: Analepse gegen Paralipse La Mettrie und die griechische Medizinphilosophi :: German Essays

Homo Mensura-Philosophie: Analepse gegen Paralipse La Mettrie und die griechische Medizinphilosophie (iatros philosophos isotheos) ABSTRACT: Philosophische Anthropologie teilt sich in Europa seit der Zeit der alten Griechen in zwei Richtungen: die theologische (deus mensura) und die anthropologisch-medizinische (homo mensura)-Platon und Demokrit, Kant und La Mettrie. Fà ¼r beide Richtungen steht Paideia (Lernen, Formen, Bilden, Kultur, Humanità ¤t) in Zentrum der Philosophie. Fà ¼r homo-mensura-Philosophie entscheidend ist Analepse (ungefiltertes Aufnehmen) im Gegensatz zur Paralipse (filterndes Auslassen). La Mettrie ist ein wichtiger Vertreter der homo-mensura-Philosopphie (l'homme machine-l'homme mesure). Als 'Darwinist' (100 Jahre vor Darwin), fà ¼r den das Gehirn die mabsetzende lebendige 'Maschine' ist, ist er Vorlà ¤ufer einer evolutionà ¤ren Philosophie. Homo-mensura-Philosophie ist (wie Thukydides, einer ihrer Vertreter, sagt) ein ‘Besitz fà ¼r immer.' In der europà ¤ischen Philosophie gibt es seit der Zeit der alten Griechen 2 Richtungen (Seiten , Schulen , Parteien, Traditionen ) : die theologische und die (medizinisch-) anthropologische - Platon und Demokrit. In dem Satz iatros philosophos isotheos / "ein philosophischer Arzt ist gottgleich" (corpus Hippocraticum) ist die theologische Seite zugunsten der anthropologischen aufgehoben ; isotheos heißt , dass man einen Gott nicht braucht . Klassisch hat dies Demokrit ausgedrà ¼ckt : "Gesundheit erbitten fà ¼r sich die Menschen in Gebeten von den Gà ¶ttern ; dass sie aber die Macht à ¼ber sie in sich selbst haben , wissen sie nicht ." (234) (Paideia : Sie mà ¼ssen es lernen . ) Genau dasselbe bedeutet 2000 Jahre spà ¤ter das Motto des Philosophenarztes Paracelsus : Alterius non sit , qui suus esse potest . / "Eines anderen (Sklave) sei nicht , wer sein eigener (Herr) sein kann ." Das Stichwort fà ¼r diese Richtung ist HOMO MENSURA (Maß m, Maßstab , Metrum , Dimension ) . [Im Bereich der anthropologischen Philosophie ist "Eklektizismus" ein gegenstandsloser Vorwurf . Im Gegensatz zum gà ¶ttlichen ÃÅ"bermaß ist menschliches Maß nachweisbar ; wer in welchem Zusammenhang den Nachweis fà ¼hrt , ist nebensà ¤chlich . Es geht um die Sache , nicht um Personen . Es geht um Philosophie , nicht um Philosophiegeschichte .] Homo mensura (individuell und kollektiv) bedeutet , dass "sich die Gegenstà ¤nde nach unserer Erkenntnis richten mà ¼ssen" . Kants vielgerà ¼hmter "Kopernikus" ist von Anfang an Grundlage der anthropologischen Philosophie . Das Maß ist das menschliche Gehirn , von La Mettrie "Maschine" genannt . (Ein 6./7./... Sinn ergà ¤be eine andere Welt , eine 4./5./... Dimension.) Epiktet : "Nicht die Dinge beeinflussen die Menschen , sondern die Vorstellung von den Dingen." Was uner"meß"lich ist , ist dem Menschen nicht zugà ¤nglich , so z.

Phillis Wheatley Essay

The exotic daughter of Africa whose poetry inspired a cause of freedom and social justice in a different land while using the traditional religious view of her heritage. Whose words and symbolism still resonate through the world as reminders of a dream of equality and freedom from monarchal tyranny. This exemplary figure of true patriotism is Phillis Wheatley an African woman born along the Gambia River in Africa to the Fulani tribe (Shields 473). In two of her finest works â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† and â€Å"Liberty and Peace† Phillis Wheatley uses the African tradition of solar worship to justify the American Revolution. Phillis Wheatley was born around 1753 to a Fulani woman who either practiced an ancient tribal form of solar worship or was a devout Muslim. Wheatley had only one fond memory of her life in Africa and that memory is of her mother performing a ritual every morning to the sun. ‘â€Å"before the sun at his rising† and then â€Å"prostrating herself† in the direction of the risen sun,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Shields 473). The theory that Phillis Wheatley’s mother was a Muslim is plausible because the rising sun is in the direction of Mecca. Also, the word of Islam had spread to this part of Africa and the number of Muslims in western Africa was growing during that time period. However, the theory that Phillis Wheatley’s mother is Muslim is discredited through the use of sun allusions in Wheatley’s poetry. â€Å"Her mother’s solar worship surely is the source of her exaltation of the sun, which she names in her poems nine times as Aurora; as Apollo, seven; as Phoebus, twelve, and as Sol, twice,† (Shields). This shows the love and admiration that Phillis Wheatley had for the sun; a love that was instilled in her by her mother when Wheatley was a small child watching her mother praise Apollo. â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† was published in April of 1776 by Phillis Wheatley in Boston Massachusetts. This poem to George Washington commemorates him for his efforts to promote freedom. This was the first written work to be published that supported him in his endeavor to free the young country (Williams). In the opening lines of the poem Phillis Wheatley uses a muse, a device of neoclassicism, which exposes the inspiration for her literary work. The muse of this poem is the celestial choir which can be interpreted as the sun god because in line one she writes, â€Å"Celestial choir! enthron’d in realms of light,† (CITATION POETRY FOR STUDENTS). â€Å"Enthron’d in realms of light† means that light surrounds the celestial choir which must come from the sun. In lines nine through twelve Wheatley explains a sun goddess that aides the American cause, â€Å"The Goddess comes, she moves divinely fair/†¦Wherever shines this native of the skies/ Unnumber’d charms and recent graces rise,† (CITATION POETRY FOR STUDENTS). This native of the skies shines wherever she roams; she is the female embodiment of the sun god. . She understands the validity of the American cause because she is fair and just that is why she supports America. The goddess shines on America and with this divine light comes unnumbered charms and graces that fall upon the young nation. She helps America by protecting them in the ultimate struggle they have at hand against the British. The theme of the poem is expressed in lines thirty one through thirty two, â€Å"And so may you, whoever dares disgrace/ This land of freedom’s heaven-defended race,† (CITATION POETRY FOR STUDENTS). The theme of this poem is simply freedom; freedom for the common man, woman and child, and that no person should be subject to any form of oppression or tyranny. The message of freedom is exemplified in these lines because America is being defended by the solar goddess. She promotes the continuation of the belief that every man is entitled freedom by birth. Therefore, these lines show that America is justified by heaven to fight the British. This heavenly protection serves as defense and as a means of dissuading any advances on America. The first line shows the warning to all that may want to pose a threat to America because it is a land of freedom that is divinely protected by the sun goddess. So, these two lines show that America is a land of freedom and that it is defende d by the sun goddess against all that transgress against America’s boundaries. After the defeat of the British in the American Revolutionary War and the Treaty of Paris of 1783 was signed, Phillis Wheatley wrote â€Å"Liberty and Peace†; a poem that celebrated the new countries independence (Shields 489-490). The poem was published in 1784 and praised the defeat of Britannia by America, which has just been established as a sovereign state (Doak 86). It was also one of her last notable works because during that same year she passed away (O’Neale). The overall theme and message of the poem is that America is noble and just for fighting for its independence and that she is and will always be divinely protected. Britain is considered a menace and dictator for holding the colonies back for becoming their own separate country (Jamison). In â€Å"Liberty and Peace† on line sixty four Phillis Wheatley explains how her ancestral sun god is on the side of America and that it is the reason why America defeated the British. The line reads, â€Å"And Heavenly Freedom spread her gold Ray,† (O’Neale). This line shows that the golden ray of heaven will be spread by heavenly freedom. The golden ray was graced upon America by the female embodiment of the sun god. This ray of freedom will spread to any land where America spreads its sails. America being able to spread its ray of freedom is shown in lines sixty two through sixty three of â€Å"Liberty and Peace†, â€Å"Where e’er Columbia spreads her swelling Sails/ To every Realm shall Peace her Charms display,† (O’Neale). This quote illustrates that the golden ray placed upon America by the sun goddess will spread to other lands by heavenly freedom. That any land America encounters will be instilled with the American virtues of p eace and freedom. Phillis Wheatley is a true American patriot for the American quest of peace and freedom from the British menace. She uses her ancestral tradition of solar worship to justify the American cause and to support the troops in their enormous endeavor. In â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† Phillis Wheatley illustrates a sun goddess that aides on the side of the Americans during the revolutionary war. Wheatley goes on to further explain that American people are a group of people that are divinely protected because they exemplify a spirit of freedom that has never been seen in the world to date. In â€Å"Liberty and Peace† Phillis Wheatley shows that the values and beliefs that are at the core of America are protected by the sun god; that is the reason why America was able to triumph over the British. It was able to because it was fighting for freedom and the sun god protects and defends the righteous in all their endeavors. America will also inspire every land she touches to fight for freedom and equality because America is heavenly defended and her virtues are protected by the sun god. It is clear to see the instances of solar allusions in Phillis Wheatley’s work. She uses her mother’s religion of solar worship to show the validity of the American cause in the Revolutionary War. Phillis Wheatley supported and whole-heartedly believed in the American Revolution due to the fact that in â€Å"To his Excellency General Washington† and â€Å"Liberty and Peace she uses her tradition of solar worship to support America.

Lynn Margulis - Biography of an Evolution Scientist

Lynn Margulis - Biography of an Evolution Scientist Lynn Margulis was born March 15, 1938 to Leone and Morris Alexander in Chicago, Illinois. She was the oldest of four girls born to the travel agent and lawyer. Lynn took an early interest in her education, especially science classes. After only two years at Hyde Park High School in Chicago, she was accepted into the early entrant program at the University of Chicago at the young age of 15. By the time Lynn was 19, she had acquired a B.A. of Liberal Arts from the University of Chicago. She then enrolled at the University of Wisconsin for graduate studies. In 1960, Lynn Margulis had obtained an M.S. in Genetics and Zoology and then went on to work at getting a Ph.D. in Genetics at the University of California, Berkeley. She ended up finishing her doctoral work at Brandeis University in Massachusetts in 1965. Personal Life While at the University of Chicago, Lynn met the now famous Physicist Carl Sagan while he was doing his graduate work in Physics at the college. They married shortly before Lynn finished her B.A. in 1957. They had two sons, Dorion and Jeremy. Lynn and Carl divorced before Lynn finished her Ph.D. work at the University of California, Berkeley. She and her sons moved to Massachusetts shortly thereafter. In 1967, Lynn married crystallographer Thomas Margulis after accepting a position as a lecturer at Boston College. Thomas and Lynn had two children- a son Zachary and a daughter Jennifer. They were married for 13 years before divorcing in 1980. In 1988, Lynn took a position in the Botany department at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. There, she continued to lecture and write scientific papers and books over the years. Lynn Margulis passed away on November 22, 2011, after suffering uncontrolled hemorrhaging caused by a stroke. Career While studying at the University of Chicago, Lynn Margulis first became interested in learning about cell structure and function. Particularly, Lynn wanted to learn as much as possible about genetics and how it related to the cell. During her graduate studies, she studied the non-Mendelian inheritance of cells. She hypothesized that there had to be DNA somewhere in the cell that wasnt in the nucleus due to some of the traits that were passed down to the next generation in plants that did not match the genes coded in the nucleus. Lynn found DNA within both mitochondria and chloroplasts inside of plant cells that did not match the DNA in the nucleus. This led her to begin formulating her endosymbiotic theory of cells. These insights came under fire immediately, but have held up over the years and contributed significantly to the Theory of Evolution. Most traditional evolutionary biologists believed, at the time, that competition was the cause of evolution. The idea of natural selection is based on the survival of the fittest, meaning competition eliminates the weaker adaptations, generally caused by mutations. Lynn Margulis endosymbiotic theory was the opposite. She proposed that cooperation between species led to the formation of new organs and other types of adaptations along with those mutations. Lynn Margulis was so intrigued by the idea of symbiosis, she became a contributor to the Gaia hypothesis first proposed by James Lovelock. In short, the Gaia hypothesis asserts that everything on Earth- including life on land, the oceans, and the atmosphere- work together in a sort of symbiosis as if it were one living organism. In 1983, Lynn Margulis was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Other personal highlights include being the co-director of the Biology Planetary Internship Program for NASA and was awarded eight honorary doctorate degrees at various universities and colleges. In 1999, she was awarded the National Medal of Science.

French Pronunciation of Vowels (Voyelles Française)

French Pronunciation of Vowels (Voyelles Franà §aise) A vowel is a sound that is pronounced through the mouth (and, in the case of nasal vowels, the nose) with no obstruction of the lips, tongue, or throat. There are a few general guidelines to keep in mind when pronouncing French vowels: Most French vowels are pronounced further forward in the mouth than their English counterparts.The tongue must remain tensed throughout the pronunciation of the vowel.French vowels do not diphthong. In English, vowels tend to be followed by a y sound (after a, e, or i) or a w sound (after o or u). In French, this is not the case - the vowel sound remains constant: it does not change into a y or w sound. Thus the French vowel is a purer sound than the English vowel. Hard and Soft Vowels A, O, and U are sometimes called hard vowels and E and I are soft vowels, because certain consonants (C, G, S) have a hard and a soft pronunciation, depending on which vowel follows. Nasal Vowels Vowels followed by M or N are usually nasal. Nasal pronunciation can be very different from the normal pronunciation of each vowel. Accents Accents may change the pronunciation of vowels. They are required in French.

Why pet owners should micro chip their pets Essay

Why pet owners should micro chip their pets - Essay Example I searched for 3 days after which I decided to report the case to the nearest animal shelter, just in case they might have come across him. Lucky enough, Jimmy was there and when he saw me approaching, he barked enormously swaying his tail up and down in much joy. Jimmy had been rescued by a Good Samaritan just in time before he fell into a deep hole in the nearby forest. The Samaritan later brought him to the animal shelter. It got to my attention that the shelter’s personnel had tried to locate me with no success since the collar on Jimmy had no identification number. This was the time that it downed on me that micro chipping jimmy was really important. After learning the importance of a chip, I allowed its installation and since then it has served me well because Jimmy has gone missing 3 more times and through the chip he has always been traced back to me. Your window of chance to find a pet is fairly narrow, but a microchip is a must have if you want to secure your pet for the long term and ensure he comes back even when he has gone missing. Am sure most of us have a pet, and would like to ease the burden of searching for a lost or displaced pet. Today I am emphasizing on the need for everyone in our area to microchip their pet for easy identification and linkage to the legitimate own and overuse of limited resources on animal shelters Millions of pets get displaced or lost annually. To be precise 1 in 3 of the pets go missing somewhere along the course of their lives. When they are found straying within the neighborhood, they end up in the animal shelters. As a result of large numbers of unidentified pets that find their way into these animal protection centres, overcrowding becomes evident and strain on the limited resources on the centre ensues. This problems strengthens the need to ensure ease in identification of pets, by implanting microchips on your pets to enhance tracking of the pets and connection

Compare and contrast the opportunities and threats facing global Essay

Compare and contrast the opportunities and threats facing global companies in the three Triad markets. To what extent do these differences suggest different app - Essay Example This essay describes multinational corporations, that till two decades ago were vertically integrated and hierarchically organized. Now the multinationals disperse the core activities including the technological development. Today the â€Å"developing countries† are developing cutting edge technology. Software development and pharmaceutical research is being done in India while mobile and telecommunications is concentrated in China. Advanced aerospace work is being done in Brazil. The reason for driving work to these nations is due to the push to cut costs as globalization has heightened competition. In the case of technology development, the basic research and development was done at some central laboratories while the application was carried out at triad production facilities. At the same time there is a pull of growth markets in emerging economies that requires new engineering and technology development. This paper discusses how the strategies in the triad markets have diff ered and the causes thereon. The researcher then presents some examples on the subject, such as UK has used strategies like disruptive innovation apart from having a conservative approach which is responsible for the slow growth in every sector. Japan has a positive approach and believes in having strong vendor relations which has been duplicated by the US. It is then concluded that while threats arise from different factors, opportunities too are plenty and the right strategy is to be at the right place in the right way at the right time.

Fitness trainer cerfifcate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fitness trainer cerfifcate - Essay Example The initial exercise schedule involvedflexing body muscle for 10-15 minutes on daily basis. It was helpful for him to lose weight systematically without getting too much busyin gym. To go with this there was also slow twitch and fast twitch of his muscle in the work out process which was helpful for muscle fiber training. Ashe wanted to lose 20kg of weight, 3 day per week in gym wasa standard schedule for him. The gym schedule involvedproper flexing of muscle, 60-80 reps per movement under proper guidance; 4 to 6 different kind of free hand exercise was his routine in the every work out session with proper dietwas helpful for him to lose 20 kg of weight. Generally to ensure weight loss one has to ensure that insulin engine in his body is shut down. So the food preference was strictly involving less sugar, lesser consumption of meat, fat and carbohydrates. The workout routine was also consisted of daily free hand exercise for 5-10 which was helpful to keep his body mass index properly . (Ladd, 2004; 17). Following is the flowchart of his training for a 6-8 week plan to lose weight: 3 sets of sideways pull downs on cable machine; 3 sets of bicycle program; jogging on treadmill for 10-12 minutes, 3 sets of swings with dumbbells; 3 sets of bends onto stability ball and 30 minutes of brisk walking. For the next part of this exercises plan, the client was instructed to repeat he above schedule with an increase in the number of sets or movement in each steps. He was also instructed to keep in mind that the number of steps must be within his limitation and based on his power and body strength. (Lose weight in 8) He was also instructed to follow the food habit, strictly avoiding food which was rich in cholesterol and fat. Regular eating was consisting of light foods and lots of water and green vegetables to ensure that he was healthy and fit throughout the work out process. 2.

Social Justice Essay Example for Free

Social Justice Essay Social justice is defined as justice exercised within a society, particularly as it is exercised by and among the various social classes of that society. A socially just society is defined by its advocates and practitioners as being based on the principles of equality and solidarity; this pedagogy also maintains that the socially just society both understands and values human rights, as well as recognizing the dignity of every human being.[1][2] The Constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. [3]Furthermore, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of the human rights education.[4] The term and modern concept of social justice was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 byAntonio Rosmini-Serbati.[1][2][5][6][7] The phrase has taken on a very controverted and variable meaning, depending on who is using it. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, the Protestants Social Gospel, and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Partyupheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on theleft of the political spectrum. - Theories of social justice [edit]Social justice from religious traditions [edit]Judaism Main article: Tikkun olam In To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility, Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place inJudaism. One of Judaism’s most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha(gladness or joy), tzedakah (the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts), chesed (deeds of kindness), andtikkun olam (repairing the world). Christianity Catholicism Main article: Catholic social teaching Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the collective aspect of humanity. A distinctive feature of the Catholic social doctrine is their concern for the poorest members of society. Two of the seven key areas[8] of Catholic social teaching are pertinent to social justice: * Life and dignity of the human person: The foundational principle of all Catholic Social Teaching is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person. Human life must be valued above all material possessions. * Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable: Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy: Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me.[9] The Catholic Church believes that through words, prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with, and compassion for, the poor. The moral tes t of any society is how it treats its most vulnerable members. The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation. People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor.[10] Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine, social justice appeared regularly in the history of the Catholic Church: * The term social justice was adopted by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He wrote extensively in his journal Civiltà   Cattolica, engaging both capitalist and socialist theories from a natural law viewpoint. His basic premise was that the rival economic theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics; neither the liberal capitalists nor the communists concerned themselves with public moral philosophy. * Pope Leo XIII, who studied under Taparelli, published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of the Working Classes), rejecting both socialism and capitalism, while defending labor unions and private property. He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not class conflict and competition. In this document, Leo set out the Catholic Churchs response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism. The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights, while the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony. * The encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally in the fortieth year) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI, encourages a living wage, subsidiarity, and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just. * Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching, penning three encyclicals which would deal with issues such as economics, politics, geo-political situations, ownership of the means of production, private property and the social mortgage, and private property. The encyclicals of Laborem Exercens, Solicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice. Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights, and spoke forcefully for the poor. He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused, and admits a fear that the progress of the world is not true progress at all, if it should denigrate the value of the human person. * Pope Benedict XVIs encyclical Deus Caritas Est (God is Love) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics, and not of the church, which has charity as its central social concern. It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the churchs active role in social justice should be to inform the debate, using reason and natural law, and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics. * The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, published in 2004 and updated in 2006, by the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax. Methodism From its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under John Wesleys direction, Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day, including the prison reform andabolitionism movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition.[11][12][13] Today, social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says, it is a governmental responsibility to provide all citizens with health care.[14] The United Methodist Church also teaches Population control as part of its doctrine.[15] Hinduism Ancient Hindu society was based on equality of all beings. However, to divide labor society divided itself into hundreds of tribes[Jati]. India was governed by people of non-Hindu faiths from the 8th century which caused ruptures in societal fabric. Caste is a word from the Portuguese word casta and caste came to define the jatis only 500 years ago. Considerable social engineering occurred during the British rule which impacted the societys self governance. There was some social injustice in which some jatis considered themselves superior to others (just as in the western societies). The present day jati hierarchy is undergoing changes for variety of reasons including social justice,which is a politically popular stance in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has swung the pendulum. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour to some of the jatis led to various reform movements in hinduism for centuries. While legally outlawed, the caste system remains s trong in practice, with social and employment opportunities strongly governed by ones caste of birth.[16] Vivekanandas calls to promote social justice have been largely heeded. Of course there is room for improvement as in the rest of the world. Islam | This section requires expansion. (July 2011)| The Quran contains numerous references to elements of social justice. For example, one of Islams Five Pillars is ZakÄ t, or alms-giving. Charity and assistance to the poor – concepts central to social justice – are and have historically been important parts of the Islamic faith. In Muslim history, Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice. Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads.[17] The Shiite believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in the messianic age of justice and the Mahdi along with the Messiah (Jesus) will end plunder, torture, oppression and discrimination.[18] For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism. The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work. However, the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need. It held that zakat (alms-giving) was not voluntary charity, but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate.[19] [edit]John Rawls Main article: John Rawls Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill, the social contract ideas of John Locke, and thecategorical imperative ideas of Kant. His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that, Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others..[20] A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms. His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen as a fair system of co-operation over time, from one generation to the next..[21] All societies have a basic structure of social, economic, and political institutions, both formal and informal. In testing how well these elements fit and work together, Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of soc ial contract. To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate, he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it, but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding. Obviously, not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved, so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable. Rawls constructed an argument for a two-stage process to determine a citizens hypothetical agreement: * The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes, and, to that extent, X holds these powers as a trustee for the citizen. * X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate. The citizen, therefore, is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way. This applies to one person who represents a small group (e.g., the organiser of a social event setting a dress code) as equally as it does to national governments, which are ultimate trustees, holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries. Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate. To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law-making powers of governments, Rawls asserted that, There is a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason. But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty.[22] This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold — to some extent, the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome. The basic liberties according to Rawls * Freedom of thought; * Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion, philosophy, and morality; * Political liberties (e.g. representative democratic institutions, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly); * Freedom of association; * Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person (viz: freedom from slavery, freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose ones occupation); and * Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law. Criticism The concept of social justice has come under criticism from a variety ofperspectives. Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective standard of social justice. Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general. Non-cognitivists, moral skeptics, moral nihilists, and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice. Cynics (such as Niccolà ² Machiavelli[citation needed]) believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the status quo. Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice, such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value, but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this. One example is the statement by H. G. Wellsthat all people are equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen.[23] On the other hand, some scholars reject the very idea of social justice as meaningless, re ligious, self-contradictory, and ideological, believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible, and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty. Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics: There can be no test by which we can discover what is socially unjust because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed, and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such (as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined) would appear just to us. [Social justice] does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense, like the term `a moral stone.[24] Ben ONeill of the University of New South Wales argues that, for proponents of social justice:[25] the notion of rights is a mere term of entitlement, indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good, no matter how important or trivial, abstract or tangible, recent or ancient. It is merely an assertion of desire, and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire. In fact, since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods, paid for through the efforts of others, the term actually refers to an intention to useforce to acquire ones desires. Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action, production and voluntary exchange, but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them! Janusz Korwin-Mikke argues simply: Either social justice has the same meaning as justice – or not. If so – why use the additional word social? We lose time, we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to print this word. If not, if social justice means something different from justice – then something different from justice is by definition injustice' Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular, leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disadvantaged categories of people, rather than on compassion or national interest. Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became widely accepted due to the rise of demand-side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement.[26] Cosmic values Hunter Lewis work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice. His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions, the environment supporting that life, and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions. Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness, Hunter also cites ornithologist, naturalist, and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations: The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they cannot be both habitual and enduring, because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible.[27] Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a living host [28] embracing an understanding of ecology that includes mankindss relationship to fellow me n, that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations also. Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated: If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation.[29] - Social justice movements Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, i.e., the Global Justice Movement. In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society.[30] A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society.[31][32] These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society. Interfaith Social Assistance Reform Coalition The Interfaith Social Justice Reform Coalition (ISARC) is Ontarios largest interfaith organization dedicated to faith-based approaches to public policy reform in the areas of social justice and poverty eradication. ISARC has a shared hope to mobilize, facilitate, and empower diverse faith communities to research, educate and advocate for public policy for the elimination of poverty in Ontario. ISARCs values include human dignity, social equity, mutual responsibility, fiscal fairness, economic equity and environmental sustainability. Since 1986, ISARC has been a leader in mobilizing faith communities to advocate for systemic change in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Liberation theology Main article: Liberation theology Liberation theology[33] is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as an interpretation of Christian faith through the poors suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor,[34] and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism.[35] Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within theCatholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s – 1960s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injusticein that region. It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. The term was coined by the Peruvian priest, Gustavo Gutià ©rrez, who wrote one of the movements most famous books, A Theology of Liberation (1971). According to Sarah Kleeb, Marx would surely take issue, she writes, with the appropriation of his works in a religious contextthere is no way to reconcile Marxs views of religion with those of Gutierrez, they are simply incompatible. Despite this, in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world, and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path, the two have much in common; and, particularly in the first edition of [A Theology of Liberation], the use of Marxian theory is quite evident.[36][dead link] Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil, Jon Sobrino of El Salvador, and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay.[37][38] Social justice in healthcare Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of bioethics. Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care, especially for low income households and families. The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families, and whether the global marketplace is a good thing to deal with healthcare. Ruth Faden and Madison Powers of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most. They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings. Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people. These social injustices take on the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment, and infectious diseases are more prevalent among an impoverished nation.[39] These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as Primary Healthcare which ensure the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level, gender, education or any other stratifying factor. Integrating social justice to health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model.[40] [edit]Social justice and human rights education Main article: Human rights education The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments, in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights.[41] A general definition of social justice is hard to arrive at and even harder to implement. In essence, social justice is concerned with equal justice, not just in the courts, but in all aspects of society. This concept demands that people have equal rights and opportunities; everyone, from the poorest person on the margins of society to the wealthiest deserves an even playing field. But what do the words â€Å"just† or â€Å"fair† mean, and what defines equal? Who should be responsible for making sure society is a just and fair place? How do you implement policies regarding social justice? Alternately, should you legislate for justice in society or merely rely on the moral compass of society’s members? From a political stance that is leftist, you must legislate to create a just society, and various programs need to exist in order to collect monies needed to even the playing field between rich, middle class, poor and those people who are routinely marginalized by s ociety. Equal rights can be defined as equal access to things that make it possible for people in any societal sector to be successful. Therefore, leftist philosophy would support things like anti-discrimination laws and equal opportunity programs, and would favor taxation, especially of those who make a lot of money, to pay for programs that help provide equality for all. The far left would argue that there are certain basic needs that must be offered to all. These include things like truly equal education and safety in all schools and programs that would help all children have the financial opportunity to attend college. Far left groups, often termed socialist even if they differ from true definitions of socialism, further argue that a just society cannot be had unless everyone has access to food, safe shelter and medical care. The way to achieve this is through taxation and government implementation of programs that will guarantee these things for all people. The right political stance equally endorses a just society, but may criticize those who make poor choices and feel that while equal opportunity should exist, a government should not legislate for this. In fact it is argued that social justice is diminished when governments create programs to deal with it, especially when these programs call for greater taxation. Instead, those who have more money should be encouraged to be philanthropic, not by paying higher taxes, which is arguably unjust. From a religious perspective, you’ll find people all over the political spectrum who argue forsocial justice. Many Christian groups believe that you bring about justice through Christlike actions of mercy, especially those that help people who have been marginalized by society. Islamic perspective on social justice is similar; one of the Five Pillars of Islam is that all must give to the poor. However, certain sects of Islam promote views of women and men as different; women are not equal to and are subservient to men. The postmodern critique on the idea of a just society provokes interesting debate. Can there ever be a just society? Can we ever view all people as inherently equal and entitled to the same rights and privileges? It’s hard to know, since most philosophers would argue that no one has ever created a completely just society, where all people have an even chance. Even in the most socialist nations, there is poverty and unequal distribution of wealth. In societies like the US, which hinge on creating social justice, we have distinct problems, like hungry children, homelessness, and problems with making sure all children receive the same high standard of education. This is no reason to abandon attempting to promote a just society and trying to aim for it. Yet due to the complex nature of society, the US may not ever fully achieve justice for all, and the debate of how to achieve this state is ongoing. â€Å"Social justice is about equality and fairness between human beings. It works on the universal principles that guide people in knowing what is right and what is wrong. This is also about keeping a balance between groups of people in a society or a community. Social justice is an underlying principle for peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among nations. We uphold the principles of social justice when we promote gender equality or the rights of indigenous peoples and migrants. We advance social justice when we remove barriers that people face because of gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, culture or disability.† Source: United Nations Our Commitment To Social Justice As Social Justice refers to creating a society that is based on the principles of equality and understanding the value of human rights, it is in direct alignment with our organisational values and philosophy. As an organisation of over 650 staff, we have embraced the Social Justice message and looked at powerful ways to raise awareness and showcase our advocacy for Social Justice throughout the community. FSGA collectively advocates for Social Justice by giving it a regular ‘Day’. Every Wednesday all FSGA staff are encouraged to wear something orange, to remind them of the FSGA value and philosophy and what we are advocating and working towards. The signature of modern leftist rhetoric is the deployment of terminology that simply cannot fail to command assent. As Orwell himself recognized, even slavery could be sold if labeled freedom. In this vein, who could ever conscientiously oppose the pursuit of social justice, i.e., a just society? To understand social justice, we must contrast it with the earlier view of justice against which it was conceived one that arose as a revolt against political absolutism. With a government (e.g., a monarchy) that is granted absolute power, it is impossible to speak of any injustice on its part. If it can do anything, it cant do anything wrong. Justice as a political/legal term can begin only when limitations are placed upon the sovereign, i.e., when men define what is unjust for government to do. The historical realization traces from the Roman senate to Magna Carta to the U.S. Constitution to the 19th century. It was now a matter of justice that government not arrest citizens arbitrarily , sanction their bondage by others, persecute them for their religion or speech, seize their property, or prevent their travel. This culmination of centuries of ideas and struggles became known as liberalism. And it was precisely in opposition to this liberalism not feudalism or theocracy or the ancien rà ©gime, much less 20th century fascism that Karl Marx formed and detailed the popular concept of social justice, (which has become a kind of new and improved substitute for a storeful of other terms Marxism, socialism, collectivism that, in the wake of Communisms history and collapse, are nowunsellable). The history of all existing society, he and Engels declared, is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf oppressor and oppressed, stood in sharp opposition to each other. They were quite right to note the political castes and resulting clashes of the pre-liberal era. The expositors of liberalism (Spencer, Maine) saw their ethic, by establishing the political equality of all (e.g., the abolition of slavery, serfdom, and inequality of rights), as moving manki nd from a society of status to a society of contract. Alas, Marx the Prophet could not accept that the classless millenium had arrived before he did. Thus, he revealed to a benighted humanity that liberalism was in fact merely another stage of Historys class struggle capitalism with its own combatants: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The former were manual laborers, the latter professionals and business owners. Marxs classes were not political castes but occupations. Today the terms have broadened to mean essentially income brackets. If Smith can make a nice living from his writing, hes a bourgeois; if Jones is reciting poetry for coins in a subway terminal, hes a proletarian. But the freedoms of speech and enterprise that they share equally are nothing but lies and falsehoods so long as their differences in affluence and influence persist (Luxemburg). The unbroken line from The Communist Manifesto to its contemporary adherents is that economic inequality is the monstrous injustice of the capitalist system, which must be replaced by an ideal of social justice a classless society created by the elimination of all differences in wealth and power. Give Marx his due: He was absolutely correct in identifying the political freedom of liberalism the right of each man to do as he wishes with his own resources as the origin of income disparity under capitalism. If Smith is now earning a fortune w hile Jones is still stuck in that subway, its not because of the class into which each was born, to say nothing of royal patronage. They are where they are because of how the common man spends his money. Thats why some writers sell books in the millions, some sell them in the thousands, and still others cant even get published. It is the choices of the masses (the market) that create the inequalities of fortune and fame and the only way to correct those injustices is to control those choices. Every policy item on the leftist agenda is merely a deduction from this fundamental premise. Private property and the free market of exchange are the most obvious hindrances to the implementation of that agenda, but hardly the only. Also verboten is the choice to emigrate, which removes one and ones wealth from the pool of resources to be redirected by the demands of social justice and its enforcers. And crucial to the justification of a classless society is the undermining of any notion that individuals are responsible for their behavior and its consequences. To maintain the illusion that classes still exist under capitali sm, it cannot be conceded that the haves are responsible for what they have or that the have nots are responsible for what they have not. Therefore, people are what they are because of where they were born into the social order as if this were early 17th century France. Men of achievement are pointedly referred to as the priviliged as if they were given everything and earned nothing. Their seeming accomplishments are, at best, really nothing more than the results of the sheer luck of a beneficial social environment (or even in the allowance of one egalitarian, John Rawls natural endowment). Consequently, the haves do not deserve what they have. The flip side of this is the insistence that the have nots are, in fact, the underpriviliged, who have been denied their due by an unjust society. If some men wind up behind bars, they are (to borrow from Broadway) depraved only because they are deprived. Environmental determinism, once an almost sacred doctrine of official Soviet academe, thrives as the social constructionist orthodoxy of todays anti-capitalist left. The theory of behavioral scientists and their boxed rats serviceably parallels the practice of a Central Planning Board and its closed society. The imperative of economic equality also generates a striking opposition between social justice and its liberal rival. The equality of the latter, weve noted, is the equality of all individuals in the eyes of the law the protection of the political rights of each man, irrespective of class (or any assigned collective identity, hence the blindfold of Justice personified). However, this political equality, also noted, spawns the difference in class between Smith and Jones. All this echoes Nobel laureate F.A. Hayeks observation that if we treat them equally [politically], the result must be inequality in their actual [i.e., economic] position. The irresistable conclusion is that the only way to place them in an equal [economic] position would be to treat them differently [politically] precisely the conclusion that the advocates of social justice themselves have always reached. In the nations that had instituted this resolution throughout their legal systems, different political treatm ent came to subsume the extermination or imprisonment of millions because of their class origins. In our own American mixed economy, which mixes differing systems of justice as much as economics, social justice finds expression in such policies and propositions as progressive taxation and income redistribution; affirmative action and even reparations, its logical implication; and selective censorship in the name of substantive equality, i.e., economic equality disingenuously reconfigured as a Fourteenth Amendment right and touted as the moral superior to formal equality, the equality of political freedom actually guaranteed by the amendment. This last is the project of a growing number of leftist legal theorists that includes Cass Sunstein and Catherine MacKinnon, the latter opining that the law of [substantive] equality and the law of freedom of expression [for all] are on a collision course in this country. Interestingly, Hayek had continued, Equality before the law and material equality are, therefore, not only different, but in conflict with each other a pronouncement that e vidently draws no dissent. Hayek emphasized another conflict between the two conceptions of justice, one we can begin examining simply by asking who the subject of liberal justice is. The answer: a person a flesh-and-blood person, who is held accountable for only those actions that constitute specifically defined crimes of violence (robbery, rape, murder) against other citizens. Conversely, who is the subject of social justice society? Indeed yes, but is society really a who? When we speak of social psychology (the standard example), no one believes that there is a social psyche whose thoughts can be analyzed. And yet the very notion of social justice presupposes a volitional Society whose actions can (and must) be held accountable. This jarring bit of Platonism traces all the way back to Marx himself, who, despite all his anti-Idealistic and anti-Hegelian rhetoric, is really an Idealist and Hegelian asserting, at root, that [Society] precedes and determines the characteristics of those who are [its] members (R.A. Childs, Jr.). Behold leftisms alternative to liberalisms atomistic individualism: reifying collectivism, what Hayek called anthropomorphism or person ification. Too obviously, it is not liberalism that atomizes an entity (a concrete), but social justice that reifies an aggregate (an abstraction). And exactly what injustice is Society responsible for? Of course: the economic inequality between Smith and Jones and Johnson and Brown and all others. But there is no personified Society who planned and perpetrated this alleged inequity, only a society of persons acting upon the many choices made by their individual minds. Eventually, though, everyone recognizes that this Ideal of Society doesnt exist in the real world leaving two options. One is to cease holding society accountable as a legal entity, a moral agent. The other is to conclude that the only practicable way to hold society accountable for its actions is to police the every action of every individual. The apologists for applied social justice have always explained away its relationship to totalitarianism as nothing more than what we may call (after Orwells Animal Farm) the Napoleon scenario: the subversion of earnest revolutions by demented individuals (e.g., Stalin, Mao to name just two among too many). What can never be admitted is that authoritarian brutality is the not-merely-possible-but-inevitable realization of the nature of social justice itself. What is social justice? The theory that implies and justifies the practice of socialism. And what is socialism? Domination by the State. What is socialized is state-controlled. So what is totalitarian socialism other than total socialism, i.e., state control of everything? And what is that but the absence of a free market in anything, be it goods or ideas? Those who contend that a socialist government need not be totalitarian, that it can allow a free market independent choice, the very source of inequality! in some things (ideas) and not in others (goods as if, say, books were one or the other), are saying only that the socialist ethic shouldnt be applied consistently. This is nothing less than a confession of moral cowardice. It is the explanation for why, from Moscow to Managua, all the rivalries within the different socialist revolutions have been won by, not the democratic or libertarian socialists, but the totalitarians, i.e., those who dont qualify their socialism with antonyms. Totalitarian socialism is not a variation but a redundancy, which is why half-capitalist hypocrites will always lose out to those who have the courage of their socialist convictions. (Likewise, someone whose idea of social justice is a moderate welfare state is someone whos willing to tolerate far more social injustice than hes willing to eliminate.) What is social justice? The abolition of privacy. Its repudiation of property rights, far from being a fundamental, is merely one derivation of this basic principle. Socialism, declared Marx, advocates the positive abolition of private property [in order to effect] the return of man himself as a social, i.e., really human, being. It is the private status of property meaning: the privacy, not the property that stands in opposition to the social (i.e., socialized, and thus really human) nature of man. Observe that the premise holds even when we substitute x for property. If private anything denies mans social nature, then so does private everything. And it is the negation of anything and everything private from work to worship to even family life that has been the social affirmation of the socialist state. What is social justice? The opposite of capitalism. And what is capitalism? It is Marxs coinage (minted by his materialist dispensation) for the Western liberalism that diminished state power from absolutism to limited government; that, from John Locke to the American Founders, held that each individual has an inviolable right to his own life, liberty, and property, which government exists solely to secure. Now what would the reverse of this be but a resurrection of Oriental despotism, the reactionary increase of state power from limited government to absolutism, i.e., totalitarianism, the absolute control of absolutely everything? And what is the opposite the violation of securing the life, liberty, and property of all men other than mass murder, mass tyranny, and mass plunder? And what is that but the point at which theory ends and history begins? And yet even before that point before the 20th century, before publication of the Manifesto itself there were those who did indeed make the connection between what Marxism inherently meant on paper and what it would inevitably mean in practice. In 1844, Arnold Ruge presented the abstract: a police and slave state. And in 1872, Michael Bakunin provided the specifics: [T]he Peoples State of Marx will not content itself with administering and governing the masses politically, as all governments do today. It will also administer the masses economically, concentrating in the hands of the State the production and division of wealth, the cultivation of land, the establishment and development of factories, the organization and direction of commerce, and finally the application of capital to production by the only banker the State. All that will demand an immense knowledge and many heads overflowing with brains in this government. It will be the reign of scientific intelligence, the most aristocratic, despotic, arrogant, and elitist of all regimes. There will be a new class, a new hierarchy of real and counterfeit scientists and scholars, and the world will be divided into a minority ruling in the name of knowledge, and an immense ignorant majority. And then, woe unto the mass of ignorant ones! It is precisely this new class that reflects the defining contradiction of modern leftist reality: The goal of complete economic equality logically enjoins the means of complete state control, yet this means has never practically achieved that end. Yes, Smith and Jones, once socialized, are equally poor and equally oppressed, but now above them looms an oligarchy of not-to-be-equalized equalizers. The inescapable rise of this new class privileged economically as well as politically, never quite ready to wither away forever destroys the possibility of a classless society. Here the lesson of socialism teaches what should have been learned from the lesson of pre-liberal despotism that state coercion is a means to no end but its own. Far from expanding equality from the political to the economic realm, the pursuit of social justice serves only to contract it within both. There will never be any kind of equality or real justice as long as a socialist elite stands behind the trigger w hile the rest of us kneel before the barrel. Further Reading The contemporary left remains possessed by the spirit of Marx, present even where hes not, and the best overview of his ideology remains Thomas SowellsMarxism: Philosophy and Economics, which is complemented perfectly by the most accessible refutation of that ideology, David Conways A Farewell to Marx. Hayeks majestic The Mirage of Social Justice is a challenging yet rewarding effort, while his The Road to Serfdom provides an unparalleled exposition of how freedom falls to tyranny. Moving from theory to practice, Communism: A History, Richard Pipes slim survey, ably says all that is needed.